This; these. 1. Pronoun referring to a person, thing, or situation nearby or just mentioned. 2. Determiner used before a classifier or noun to specify a nearby person or thing.

Used for repetitive actions, long processes, or occurrences that involve time and effort; also used for types, kinds, or instances of feelings and scenes; also used after the verb 翻 fān to indicate how many times a quantity has doubled.