A massive encyclopedia of historical documents and institutions compiled by the Yuan Dynasty scholar Ma Duanlin. It consists of 348 volumes and covers imperial history from antiquity through the Southern Song dynasty. Together with the [[通典|通典|tong1 dian3]] and [[通志|通志|tong1 zhi4]], it is known as one of the 'Three Universal Histories'.

A government examination for recruiting civil servants, typically open to high school graduates; successful candidates qualify for junior-level positions.