(literary) an enemy or personal foe

To compare different versions of a text to check for errors and determine the original wording; to proofread or edit a manuscript

To abuse one's official position or public authority to take revenge for a personal grievance.

hatred and grievance between enemies; deep-seated grievance between enemies

national hatred; enmity toward a foreign enemy of the state

to avenge a wrong or seek retribution against an enemy; same as [[报仇|報仇|bao4 chou2]]

to compare different versions of a text to identify and correct errors; to perform a critical collation of a book

the study of comparing different versions of a text to identify and correct errors, aiming to restore the work to its original form

(variant form) a personal enemy or a long-standing personal feud or grievance

to pose challenging or difficult questions for the purpose of debate or verification