the study of the sounds of human speech, including their production and classification; phonology

the study of the production and classification of speech sounds

system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet to represent the sounds of spoken languages

system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet to represent the sounds of spoken languages

Major Qing dynasty phonology work by [[顾炎武|顧炎武|gu4 yan2 wu3]] in thirty-eight volumes; it established the foundation for ancient Chinese phonology studies by analyzing the rhyme systems of the "Classic of Poetry" and "I Ching" while correcting the "Tang Rhymes".

Scientific study of the physical and physiological properties of speech sounds using laboratory experiments and specialized instruments; specialized equipment; founded in the late 19th century, it is used to analyze phonetic details that cannot be distinguished by hearing alone, such as the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds.