also; too; as well; in addition; used in negative sentences to mean "either" or "neither"

to be; to correspond to; connects a subject to its identification, characterization, or identity

also; too; as well; in addition; used in negative sentences to mean "either" or "neither"

used to express agreement, confirm a fact, or acknowledge a command, meaning "correct", "right", or "very well"

used to create a more indirect or polite tone, often when making a suggestion or expressing a modest opinion

used for emphasis before a verb or adjective to confirm a quality or state, meaning "certainly" or "really"

used in the second part of a sentence to show that a result remains the same regardless of a condition or obstacle, often following words like 虽然 suī​rán or 即使 jí​shǐ

(literary) this; that; such; used as a demonstrative to refer back to what was just mentioned