culture; civilization; the customs, beliefs, and way of life of a group or society

change; variation; transformation; to change, vary, or transform

the process of modernizing; state-of-the-art or modern status

to strengthen, intensify, or consolidate; to make something more firm or powerful

chemistry; chemical; the study of the structure, properties, and reactions of matter

to improve by changing or reorganizing; to make superior

to change or convert from one form, state, or nature into another; to transform

(of a person or animal) to break down food in the digestive system into nutrients

to develop or cause to develop towards a deeper, more profound, or more advanced stage

To apply computer, communication, and network technology to transform a society or industry into the information age; information-based.

to make a place green by planting trees and grass to beautify the environment or prevent soil erosion; the act or result of such planting

The geological process by which organic matter turns into stone; petrification

The industrial production of chemicals; short for [[化学工业|化學工業|hua4 xue2 gong1 ye4]]

to apply cosmetics or use other means to beautify one's facial features or appearance

to make something international in character, scope, or standard

the process of making an economy or sector market-based; to marketize or commercialize

to industrialize; to develop something (a product, service, or concept) into a commercial industry; industrialization

to unify separate but related departments or operations into a coordinated whole

Items used to decorate the face or protect the skin, such as lipstick, powder, or lotions

to combine with oxygen; the chemical process of losing electrons (as in rusting or combustion)

to become many-faceted or pluralistic; to move from a single form to multiple forms

to split, break up, or diverge; for a unified entity to become divided

the process of developing industry on a large scale within a society or economy

(abbreviation) chemotherapy; chemical therapy for diseases, especially cancer

to deteriorate or become worse; (of a situation or condition) to develop in a negative direction

to melt or dissolve; to turn from a solid into a liquid or gas

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, a massive political movement and period of social upheaval in China from 1966 to 1976. Full name is [[无产阶级文化大革命|無產階級文化大革命|wu2 chan3 jie1 ji2 wen2 hua4 da4 ge2 ming4]].

to use an alias or change one's name to hide a true identity

To standardize or the process of establishing and implementing uniform technical or quality standards

to make something conform to a standard; to normalize

to remove impurities, contaminants, or waste from a physical substance or environment to make it clean

the process of integration and interdependence of economy, culture, and politics across the world

to personalize; to customize; to make something unique or suited to an individual's character (often used in marketing or artistic creation); personalization; customization

Process or trend of becoming specialized or professional

the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas

Short for [[化学肥料|化學肥料|hua4 xue2 fei2 liao4]], referring to fertilizers produced through chemical processes.

the process of using machines and control systems to perform tasks previously done by humans; robotization

to make something complex simpler or easier to manage

the act or process of making something more human or adapted to human needs; personalization

(abbreviation) biochemistry; the study of chemical processes within living organisms

To grow old or age; specifically used for the physiological decline of humans and animals, the increasing age of a population, or the deterioration of materials like plastic or steel.

(of biological species) to evolve; to develop gradually from a simpler to a more complex state

to turn from ice or snow into water due to heat; to thaw

to make something varied or diverse in form, style, or type

The process by which an individual learns the values, norms, and behaviors of a society in order to function within it

To conduct a chemical or physical examination in a laboratory to determine the composition or properties of a substance

The remains or traces of ancient organisms that have been preserved in rock and turned into stone; used as data for studying the history of the earth and evolution.

the process of digitizing; digital technology; digital. Known as [[数位化|數位化|shu4 wei4 hua4]] in Taiwan

To make something reach its upper limit in terms of quantity, scope, or efficiency.