a reason, origin, or circumstance that leads to a result; whys and wherefores; (philosophy) a phenomenon or thing that produces another phenomenon or thing, as distinguished from the effect ([[结果|結果|jie2 guo3]])

attributive adjective used to describe a state or situation as it was previously; former; initial

principle or doctrine; a basic rule or standard that guides behavior or thought

to excuse or pardon a person for a mistake, oversight, or fault

originally; formerly; at the beginning

raw material; unprocessed materials used for the manufacture of goods

petroleum in its natural state before it has been refined or processed

The original text or wording that a translation, quote, or transcription is based on

original; former; previously existing

price at which something was originally set or sold, including the cost price or prime cost before markup or discount

a basic truth, law, or theory that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior; scientific principle or tenet

original; firsthand; relating to the very beginning of something, such as a source document or initial design concept

The party who brings a legal case against another in a court of law; includes the accuser, complainant, or prosecutor in criminal cases. This is the opposite of the [[被告|被告|bei4 gao4]].

raw and processed materials used in production; commodities

The middle and lower regions of the Yellow River, including Henan and parts of Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, and Shaanxi; traditionally considered the cradle of Chinese civilization.

at first; in the past

a large area of land covered with grasses, such as a prairie or steppe, typically in a semi-arid region

the former place, the starting point, or the place where one currently is; original location

(chemistry) A process in which a substance gains electrons or loses oxygen atoms.

plateau; highland; tableland

a substance that triggers an immune response in the body and reacts with antibodies; examples include certain proteins and microorganisms

The capital of Shanxi province [[山西|山西|shan1 xi1]], a prefecture-level city in North China.

originally decided; originally scheduled; originally determined

plain; flatlands; a broad and level area of land

atom; atomic; the smallest unit of a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons

in principle; generally; used to describe a decision or agreement on the basic aspects of a matter, while allowing for further study or adjustments on specific details

energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, typically used in industry or the military; also called [[核能|核能|he2 neng2]]

A type of protein found in skin, bone, and connective tissue, widely used in medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry.

To recover from an illness or injury; to return to health

a nuclear weapon that uses fission of heavy elements like uranium or plutonium to create a massive explosion; A-bomb

the original model or type from which something is developed

original and intact in the factory packaging; not locally assembled or repacked

Capital of Shanxi Province [[山西省|山西省|shan1 xi1 sheng3]] and a major industrial center

the original book or work before it was translated, adapted, or abridged

an original document, manuscript, or master copy

so that's how it is; so that's what happened

The original or earliest legal edition of a book, album, or audiovisual product, as opposed to a reprint or pirated copy

original shape, state, or appearance; the same way it was before

The vast elevated region in Central Asia covering much of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province in China.

the original or normal position where someone or something belongs or was placed; home position; in situ

original name; former name

fundamental principle; basic doctrine; essentials

A famous poet and statesman of the state of [[楚|楚|chu3]] during the Warring States period (c. 340–278 BC); best known for his poetry in the [[楚辞|楚辭|chu3 ci2]] and for his suicide, which is commemorated by the Dragon Boat Festival.

original intention or original meaning; the initial wish or purpose

cause of disease; pathogen; the origin or source of an illness; often used as a shorthand for pathogenic bacteria [[病原菌|病原菌|bing4 yuan2 jun1]]

raw coal; coal that has been mined but not yet screened, washed, or processed; also called [[混煤|混煤|hun4 mei2]]

the original state of an event or the place where something first began; square one

any biological agent that causes disease, such as a virus, bacterium, or parasite

The original location where a product is manufactured or where a species occurs naturally; provenance