- 洋务派 yángwùpài WesternizersA faction of Chinese officials in the late 19th century who advocated for adopting Western technology and industrial practices.
- 洋务学堂 yángwùxuétáng college of Western learningA type of school or college established during the late Qing Dynasty to teach Western science, technology, and languages
- 洋务运动 yángwùyùndòng Self-Strengthening MovementA period of reforms in late 19th-century China (c. 1861–1894) aimed at modernization by adopting Western military and industrial technology; also known as the Westernization Movement.
