hard; exhausting; arduous; laborious (used to describe work, life, or effort)

difficult and exhausting; full of hardships

Simpson; a common Western surname

industrious; hardworking; diligent

pungent and sour in taste; hot and tart

with great trouble or effort; to go through much toil or hardship

pungent, acrid, or spicy hot in taste or smell

A common surname of Indian origin, often used for people of the Sikh faith.

The 1911 Revolution that overthrew the Qing Dynasty and ended over two thousand years of imperial rule in China, leading to the establishment of the Republic of China.

A major city in southwestern Ohio, United States, located on the northern bank of the Ohio River.

innumerable trials and tribulations; after a great deal of effort or suffering

laborious; hard-working; to toil

Capital of Finland and its largest port city; a major industrial center located on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland.

Auschwitz (concentration camp)

Arnold Schwarzenegger (born 1947), American actor and politician who served as governor of California from 2003 to 2011

Henry Kissinger (1923-2023), US academic and politician who served as Secretary of State from 1973 to 1977

The twenty-eighth year of the sixty-year sexagenary cycle.

the forty-eighth year of the sixty-year sexagenary cycle; notably the year 1911

to suffer through and endure all kinds of bitter hardships or torments; often used to describe the selfless sacrifice of parents raising children

The 38th year of the traditional 60-year Chinese calendar cycle, such as 1901, 1961, or 2021.

To not shrink from toil and hardship; to work tirelessly without complaining about the effort required effort.

Southern Song dynasty general and poet (1140-1207) known for his bold and patriotic poems; his style is often compared to that of [[苏轼|蘇軾|su1 shi4]] and is characterized by its wide range of themes and use of historical references.

The eighteenth year of the sexagenary cycle, occurring every sixty years such as 1941, 2001, or 2061

The eighth year of the 60-year sexagenary cycle, formed by the eighth heavenly stem [[辛|辛|xin1]] and the eighth earthly branch [[未|未|wei4]].

The fifty-eighth year of the sixty-year sexagenary cycle (such as 1981 or 2041).

Auschwitz; the concentration camp complex in German-occupied Poland during World War II

A form of business monopoly where participating enterprises remain independent in production and law, but centrally manage sales and raw material procurement; a loanword from French.

The lily magnolia tree (Magnolia liliiflora), a deciduous tree with purple-and-white fragrant flowers that bloom in early spring before the leaves

Manchurian wild ginger (Asarum sieboldii), a plant with spicy roots used in traditional herbal medicine

To accept hardship and make nothing of it; to take trouble over something without complaint.

to have gone through all kinds of hardship and difficulties; to have experienced every bitterness and struggle

Wisconsin, a state of the north-central United States

A gift of money paid to someone as a reward for their hard work or help with a task.

Xinji, a county-level city in [[石家庄|石家莊|shi2 jia1 zhuang1]] city, Hebei Province

octane rating; octane number

Every single grain of rice or food is the result of bitter toil; often used to remind others not to waste food.

Lixin, a county in [[亳州市|亳州市|bo2 zhou1 shi4]], Anhui Province

Xinji, a county-level city in the prefecture-level city of [[石家庄市|石家莊市|shi2 jia1 zhuang1 shi4]] in Hebei province

Shin Bet, the national security service of Israel

suffering; adversity

Maxine (name)

Lixin, a county in Bozhou, Anhui province

George Robert Gissing (1857-1903), an English novelist whose works provided detailed and accurate accounts of lower-class life in London.

the experience of suffering or misery; bitterness

Wisconsin, a state in the northern United States; its capital is [[麦迪逊|麥迪遜|mai4 di2 xun4]]

Jean Racine (1639-1699), French dramatist

Zimbabwe; a country in southern Africa (Taiwan usage)

Chea Sim, a Cambodian politician and president of the Cambodian National Assembly from 1998 to 2015