physically or mentally demanding; exhausting, tough, or arduous

difficult and requiring strenuous effort or endurance

Simpson (name)

hardworking; industrious

bitter, sad, or full of suffering (usually regarding life experiences)

with great effort, toil, or hardship

having a sharp, pungent, or spicy hot taste

Singh (name)

Xinhai Revolution (1911), which ended the Qing Dynasty

Cincinnati, Ohio

untold hardships and trials and tribulations

laborious; hard work

Helsinki (Swedish Helsingfors), capital of Finland

Auschwitz (concentration camp)

Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-), US actor and politician, governor of California 2003-2011

Henry Kissinger (1923–2023), US academic and politician, Secretary of State 1973–1977

A state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

The twenty-eighth year of the 60-year sexagenary cycle, such as 2011 or 2071.

Specifically referring to the year 1911 and the revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty.

to suffer through extreme bitterness and difficulties; to bear great hardships patiently, often over a long period

The year 1901, specifically noted for the signing of the Protocol of Beijing (Xinchou Treaty) following the Boxer Uprising.

a famous Chinese poet and military leader of the Southern Song dynasty (1140–1207), known for his 'haofang' style of [[词|詞|ci2]] poetry.

eighteenth year of the 60-year sexagenary cycle, e.g. 2001 or 2061

the 8th year of the 60-year sexagenary cycle, e.g. 1991 or 2051

fifty-eighth year of the 60-year sexagenary cycle (e.g. 1981 or 2041)

Auschwitz (concentration camp)

(loanword) a syndicate

to make nothing of hardships

Lixin, a county in Bozhou City [[亳州市|亳州市|Bo2 zhou1 Shi4]], Anhui

Xinji, a county-level city in Shijiazhuang, Hebei

Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-), US actor and politician, governor of California 2003-2011

Shin Bet (Israel national security service)

Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-), US actor and politician, governor of California 2003-2011

Maxine (name)

Jean Racine (1639-1699), French dramatist

Zimbabwe (Taiwan usage)

Chea Sim, president of the Cambodian National Assembly

Lansing, capital of Michigan

(loanword) kimchi

to endure severe hardships and suffering, especially over a long period of time

dioxin, a carcinogenic heterocyclic hydrocarbon (esp. Taiwan usage)

Arnold Schwarzenegger (1947-), Austrian-born American bodybuilder, actor and politician

behind-the-scenes stories or details known only to insiders

one of the five legendary emperors, also called Emperor Ku ([[喾|嚳|Ku4]])

pungent and spicy vegetable dishes (common Buddhist term)