Modern Chinese language; contemporary Chinese, typically referring to the period from the early 20th century to the present

the official system for transcribing Chinese characters into the Latin alphabet used in mainland China

Ancient Chinese language; archaic Chinese pronunciation

Business Chinese Test (BCT); a standardized test for non-native speakers of Chinese used in business situations

A massive and highly comprehensive dictionary of Chinese characters, originally published in eight volumes between 1986 and 1990.

A comprehensive 12-volume Chinese-language dictionary, first published from 1986 to 1994, it is the largest dictionary of its kind with over 375,000 entries.

Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet; the official system for transcribing Chinese characters into the Latin alphabet, first approved in 1958.

HSK; the standardized Chinese Proficiency Test for non-native speakers, consisting of various levels of proficiency across listening, reading, and writing

A standard list of 7,000 frequently used Chinese characters issued by the People's Republic of China in 1988 for general use in modern language.

The Chinese language from the early Western Zhou dynasty to the Han dynasty; also known as Old Sinitic.

the Sino-Tibetan language family

The stage of the Chinese language documented in rhyme dictionaries such as the Qieyun, typically associated with the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties

Ancient Chinese; specifically the written Chinese used before the May Fourth Movement (1919) based on the spoken language of the pre-Qin period